Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2023-05-30 20:55:53 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0000176 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Maleic acid |
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Description | Maleic acid is a dicarboxylic acid, a molecule with two carboxyl groups. It consists of an ethylene group flanked by two carboxylic acid groups. Maleic acid is the cis isomer of butenedioic acid, whereas fumaric acid is the trans isomer. The cis isomer is the less stable one of the two; the difference in heat of combustion is 22.7 kJ/mol. The physical properties of maleic acid are very different from that of fumaric acid. Maleic acid is soluble in water whereas fumaric acid is not and the melting point of maleic acid (130 - 131 oC) is also much lower than that of fumaric acid (287 oC). Maleic acid is converted into maleic anhydride by dehydration, to malic acid by hydration, and to succinic acid by hydrogenation. Maleic acid is used in making polyesters for fibre-reinforced laminated moldings and paint vehicles. More specifically it is used in the manufacture of phthalic-type alkyd and polyester resins, surface coatings, copolymers, plasticizers, lubricant additives and agricultural chemicals. It is also found in adhesives and sealants and as a preservative for oils and fats. In the natural world, maleic acid has been identified in ginseng, pineapple, cacao plants, sour cherries and corn. A large number of microbes are able to convert maleic acid to D-malate using the enzyme maleate hydratase (PMID: 1444397 ). |
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Structure | InChI=1S/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1- |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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(Z)-2-Butenedioic acid | ChEBI | (Z)-Butenedioic acid | ChEBI | cis-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid | ChEBI | cis-But-2-enedioic acid | ChEBI | cis-Butenedioic acid | ChEBI | H2Male | ChEBI | Toxilic acid | ChEBI | Maleate | Kegg | (Z)-2-Butenedioate | Generator | (Z)-Butenedioate | Generator | cis-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate | Generator | cis-But-2-enedioate | Generator | cis-Butenedioate | Generator | Toxilate | Generator | (2Z)-2-Butenedioate | HMDB | (2Z)-2-Butenedioic acid | HMDB | (2Z)-But-2-enedioate | HMDB | (2Z)-But-2-enedioic acid | HMDB | (2Z)-Butene-2-dioate | HMDB | (2Z)-Butene-2-dioic acid | HMDB | 2-Butenedioate | HMDB | 2-Butenedioic acid | HMDB | cis-2-Butenedioate | HMDB | cis-2-Butenedioic acid | HMDB | Kyselina maleinova | HMDB | MAE | HMDB | Maleinic acid | HMDB | Malenic acid | HMDB | Malezid CM | HMDB | Scotchbond multipurpose etchant | HMDB | Maleic acid, disodium salt | HMDB | Maleic acid, monocopper (2+) salt | HMDB | Maleic acid, potassium salt | HMDB | Maleic acid, sodium salt | HMDB | Sodium maleate | HMDB | Hydrogen maleate | HMDB | Maleic acid, ammonium salt | HMDB | Maleic acid, calcium salt | HMDB | Maleic acid, iron salt | HMDB | Maleic acid, neodymium salt | HMDB | Maleic acid, dipotassium salt | HMDB | Maleic acid, monoammonium salt | HMDB | Maleic acid, monosodium salt | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C4H4O4 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 116.0722 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 116.010958616 |
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IUPAC Name | (2Z)-but-2-enedioic acid |
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Traditional Name | maleic acid |
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CAS Registry Number | 110-16-7 |
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SMILES | OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1- |
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InChI Key | VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic acids and derivatives |
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Class | Carboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Sub Class | Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Direct Parent | Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Fatty acyl
- Fatty acid
- Unsaturated fatty acid
- Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Carboxylic acid
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organic oxide
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organooxygen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Not Available |
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Disposition | |
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Process | Not Available |
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Role | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 130.5 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | 355.00 to 356.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est) | The Good Scents Company Information System | Water Solubility | 441 mg/mL at 25 °C | Not Available | LogP | -0.48 | SANGSTER (1994) |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Experimental Collision Cross Sections |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Retention Times UnderivatizedChromatographic Method | Retention Time | Reference |
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Measured using a Waters Acquity ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) ethylene-bridged hybrid (BEH) C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm; 1.7 μmparticle diameter). Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. | 1.67 minutes | 32390414 | Predicted by Siyang on May 30, 2022 | 10.3302 minutes | 33406817 | Predicted by Siyang using ReTip algorithm on June 8, 2022 | 2.82 minutes | 32390414 | AjsUoB = Accucore 150 Amide HILIC with 10mM Ammonium Formate, 0.1% Formic Acid | 140.8 seconds | 40023050 | Fem_Long = Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid | 1068.8 seconds | 40023050 | Fem_Lipids = Ascentis Express C18 with (60:40 water:ACN):(90:10 IPA:ACN) and 10mM NH4COOH + 0.1% Formic Acid | 394.9 seconds | 40023050 | Life_Old = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:(20:80 acetone:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid | 89.5 seconds | 40023050 | Life_New = RP Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:(30:70 MeOH:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid | 267.9 seconds | 40023050 | RIKEN = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 96.2 seconds | 40023050 | Eawag_XBridgeC18 = XBridge C18 3.5u 2.1x50 mm with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid | 306.5 seconds | 40023050 | BfG_NTS_RP1 =Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm x 150 mm, 3.5 um) with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 396.8 seconds | 40023050 | HILIC_BDD_2 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN(0.1% formic acid):water(16 mM ammonium formate) | 526.1 seconds | 40023050 | UniToyama_Atlantis = RP Waters Atlantis T3 (2.1 x 150 mm, 5 um) with ACN:Water and 0.1% Formic Acid | 682.2 seconds | 40023050 | BDD_C18 = Hypersil Gold 1.9µm C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 146.0 seconds | 40023050 | UFZ_Phenomenex = Kinetex Core-Shell C18 2.6 um, 3.0 x 100 mm, Phenomenex with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid | 1054.8 seconds | 40023050 | SNU_RIKEN_POS = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 259.8 seconds | 40023050 | RPMMFDA = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 305.8 seconds | 40023050 | MTBLS87 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water and :ammonium carbonate | 808.0 seconds | 40023050 | KI_GIAR_zic_HILIC_pH2_7 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN:Water and 0.1% FA | 260.4 seconds | 40023050 | Meister zic-pHILIC pH9.3 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water 5mM NH4Ac pH9.3 and 5mM ammonium acetate in water | 406.5 seconds | 40023050 |
Predicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatized |
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- van der Werf MJ, van den Tweel WJ, Hartmans S: Screening for microorganisms producing D-malate from maleate. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992 Sep;58(9):2854-60. doi: 10.1128/aem.58.9.2854-2860.1992. [PubMed:1444397 ]
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