Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Expected but not Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2006-08-13 09:37:36 UTC |
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Update Date | 2023-02-21 17:16:52 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0004045 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | - HMDB0060174
- HMDB04045
- HMDB60174
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid |
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Description | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid, also known as 3-sulfopyruvate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha-keto acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing an aldehyde substituted with a keto group on the adjacent carbon. A carboxyalkanesulfonic acid comprising pyruvic acid with a sulfo group attached at the C-3 position. 3-Sulfopyruvic acid is an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-Sulfopyruvic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Outside of the human body, 3-Sulfopyruvic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as yautia, nanking cherries, cloves, acerola, and strawberries. This could make 3-sulfopyruvic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. |
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Structure | InChI=1S/C3H4O6S/c4-2(3(5)6)1-10(7,8)9/h1H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8,9) |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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2-Carboxy-2-oxoethanesulfonic acid | ChEBI | 3-Sulfopyruvate | ChEBI | beta-Sulfopyruvic acid | ChEBI | SULFopyruvATE | ChEBI | 2-Carboxy-2-oxoethanesulfonate | Generator | 2-Carboxy-2-oxoethanesulphonate | Generator | 2-Carboxy-2-oxoethanesulphonic acid | Generator | 3-Sulphopyruvate | Generator | 3-Sulphopyruvic acid | Generator | b-Sulfopyruvate | Generator | b-Sulfopyruvic acid | Generator | b-Sulphopyruvate | Generator | b-Sulphopyruvic acid | Generator | beta-Sulfopyruvate | Generator | beta-Sulphopyruvate | Generator | beta-Sulphopyruvic acid | Generator | Β-sulfopyruvate | Generator | Β-sulfopyruvic acid | Generator | Β-sulphopyruvate | Generator | Β-sulphopyruvic acid | Generator | Sulfopyruvic acid | Generator | Sulphopyruvate | Generator | Sulphopyruvic acid | Generator | 2-oxo-3-SulfO-propanoate | HMDB | 2-oxo-3-SulfO-propanoic acid | HMDB | 2-oxo-3-Sulfopropanoate | HMDB | 2-oxo-3-Sulfopropanoic acid | HMDB | 3-Sulfonatopyruvate | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C3H4O6S |
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Average Molecular Weight | 168.125 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 167.97285855 |
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IUPAC Name | 2-oxo-3-sulfopropanoic acid |
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Traditional Name | sulfopyruvate |
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CAS Registry Number | 98022-26-5 |
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SMILES | OC(=O)C(=O)CS(O)(=O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C3H4O6S/c4-2(3(5)6)1-10(7,8)9/h1H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8,9) |
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InChI Key | BUTHMSUEBYPMKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha-keto acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing an aldehyde substituted with a keto group on the adjacent carbon. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic acids and derivatives |
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Class | Keto acids and derivatives |
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Sub Class | Alpha-keto acids and derivatives |
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Direct Parent | Alpha-keto acids and derivatives |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Alpha-keto acid
- Alpha-hydroxy ketone
- Alkanesulfonic acid
- Sulfonyl
- Organosulfonic acid
- Organosulfonic acid or derivatives
- Organic sulfonic acid or derivatives
- Ketone
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid
- Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxygen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Organic oxide
- Organooxygen compound
- Organosulfur compound
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Not Available |
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Disposition | |
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Process | Not Available |
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Role | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | -1.701 | Not Available |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Retention Times UnderivatizedChromatographic Method | Retention Time | Reference |
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Measured using a Waters Acquity ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) ethylene-bridged hybrid (BEH) C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm; 1.7 μmparticle diameter). Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. | 2.21 minutes | 32390414 | Predicted by Siyang on May 30, 2022 | 9.2058 minutes | 33406817 | Predicted by Siyang using ReTip algorithm on June 8, 2022 | 7.93 minutes | 32390414 | AjsUoB = Accucore 150 Amide HILIC with 10mM Ammonium Formate, 0.1% Formic Acid | 246.7 seconds | 40023050 | Fem_Long = Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid | 942.6 seconds | 40023050 | Fem_Lipids = Ascentis Express C18 with (60:40 water:ACN):(90:10 IPA:ACN) and 10mM NH4COOH + 0.1% Formic Acid | 348.2 seconds | 40023050 | Life_Old = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:(20:80 acetone:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid | 58.3 seconds | 40023050 | Life_New = RP Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:(30:70 MeOH:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid | 226.8 seconds | 40023050 | RIKEN = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 69.2 seconds | 40023050 | Eawag_XBridgeC18 = XBridge C18 3.5u 2.1x50 mm with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid | 258.0 seconds | 40023050 | BfG_NTS_RP1 =Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm x 150 mm, 3.5 um) with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 255.4 seconds | 40023050 | HILIC_BDD_2 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN(0.1% formic acid):water(16 mM ammonium formate) | 769.7 seconds | 40023050 | UniToyama_Atlantis = RP Waters Atlantis T3 (2.1 x 150 mm, 5 um) with ACN:Water and 0.1% Formic Acid | 603.3 seconds | 40023050 | BDD_C18 = Hypersil Gold 1.9µm C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 41.3 seconds | 40023050 | UFZ_Phenomenex = Kinetex Core-Shell C18 2.6 um, 3.0 x 100 mm, Phenomenex with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid | 790.3 seconds | 40023050 | SNU_RIKEN_POS = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 214.6 seconds | 40023050 | RPMMFDA = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 262.1 seconds | 40023050 | MTBLS87 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water and :ammonium carbonate | 685.7 seconds | 40023050 | KI_GIAR_zic_HILIC_pH2_7 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN:Water and 0.1% FA | 272.1 seconds | 40023050 | Meister zic-pHILIC pH9.3 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water 5mM NH4Ac pH9.3 and 5mM ammonium acetate in water | 392.1 seconds | 40023050 |
Predicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatizedDerivative Name / Structure | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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3-Sulfopyruvic acid,1TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=O)CS(=O)(=O)O | 1508.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,1TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)OS(=O)(=O)CC(=O)C(=O)O | 1590.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,1TMS,isomer #3 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=CS(=O)(=O)O)C(=O)O | 1647.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=O)CS(=O)(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1684.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=O)CS(=O)(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1677.8 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=O)CS(=O)(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 2145.4 | Standard polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,2TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=CS(=O)(=O)O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1697.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,2TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=CS(=O)(=O)O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1763.3 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,2TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=CS(=O)(=O)O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 2484.4 | Standard polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,2TMS,isomer #3 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=CS(=O)(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 1800.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,2TMS,isomer #3 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=CS(=O)(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 1780.1 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,2TMS,isomer #3 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=CS(=O)(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 2340.4 | Standard polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,3TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=CS(=O)(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1784.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,3TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=CS(=O)(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1902.5 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,3TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=CS(=O)(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C | 2091.9 | Standard polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=O)CS(=O)(=O)O | 1778.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OS(=O)(=O)CC(=O)C(=O)O | 1862.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=CS(=O)(=O)O)C(=O)O | 1906.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=O)CS(=O)(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2146.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=O)CS(=O)(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2248.1 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=O)CS(=O)(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2299.0 | Standard polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=CS(=O)(=O)O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2165.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=CS(=O)(=O)O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2261.5 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=CS(=O)(=O)O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2557.8 | Standard polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=CS(=O)(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 2234.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=CS(=O)(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 2309.4 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=CS(=O)(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 2444.1 | Standard polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=CS(=O)(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2421.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=CS(=O)(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2651.8 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | 3-Sulfopyruvic acid,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(=CS(=O)(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2370.6 | Standard polar | 33892256 |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 3-Sulfopyruvic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-006x-9300000000-8fb65d208d027ce47187 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 3-Sulfopyruvic acid GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-00dl-9310000000-852dd197381758581de3 | 2017-10-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 3-Sulfopyruvic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 3-Sulfopyruvic acid 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014i-0900000000-094511841526eb040890 | 2015-09-15 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 3-Sulfopyruvic acid 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0g4i-2900000000-77b615b663328d3fe524 | 2015-09-15 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 3-Sulfopyruvic acid 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-006x-9500000000-bf672301532b1817de74 | 2015-09-15 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 3-Sulfopyruvic acid 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-0900000000-4e67b7b2992779903679 | 2015-09-15 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 3-Sulfopyruvic acid 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-3900000000-9801b0e1faeb0f73a93b | 2015-09-15 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 3-Sulfopyruvic acid 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-7900000000-7a1af7df664000361846 | 2015-09-15 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 3-Sulfopyruvic acid 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0udi-5900000000-8c6e190717a212c1f83b | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 3-Sulfopyruvic acid 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-9100000000-762dfd631fed0cc2e666 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 3-Sulfopyruvic acid 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-004l-9000000000-440cd593424b9672a3c7 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 3-Sulfopyruvic acid 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-0900000000-62e3604ba5cc3505465b | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 3-Sulfopyruvic acid 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0089-9600000000-fad73b53a872db46f577 | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 3-Sulfopyruvic acid 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-ff8f9426210041ec9988 | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
IR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum |
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General References | - Thiele I, Swainston N, Fleming RM, Hoppe A, Sahoo S, Aurich MK, Haraldsdottir H, Mo ML, Rolfsson O, Stobbe MD, Thorleifsson SG, Agren R, Bolling C, Bordel S, Chavali AK, Dobson P, Dunn WB, Endler L, Hala D, Hucka M, Hull D, Jameson D, Jamshidi N, Jonsson JJ, Juty N, Keating S, Nookaew I, Le Novere N, Malys N, Mazein A, Papin JA, Price ND, Selkov E Sr, Sigurdsson MI, Simeonidis E, Sonnenschein N, Smallbone K, Sorokin A, van Beek JH, Weichart D, Goryanin I, Nielsen J, Westerhoff HV, Kell DB, Mendes P, Palsson BO: A community-driven global reconstruction of human metabolism. Nat Biotechnol. 2013 May;31(5):419-25. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2488. Epub 2013 Mar 3. [PubMed:23455439 ]
- Weinstein CL, Griffith OW: Cysteinesulfonate and beta-sulfopyruvate metabolism. Partitioning between decarboxylation, transamination, and reduction pathways. J Biol Chem. 1988 Mar 15;263(8):3735-43. [PubMed:3346220 ]
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